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Minnesota minimum wage report 2023

By Gideon Ondieki, Hared Mah and Ender Kavas
December 2023

Contents

Introduction and summary

With the introduction of municipal minimum wages in Minneapolis and St. Paul (all reaching $15.00 an hour at various points in the 2020s), the minimum wage in Minnesota has become a more nuanced issue that has generated considerable discussion and research.1 The effective minimum wage – the rate employers are required to pay to covered employees – is the highest of any applicable federal, state or local rate. To understand minimum wages in Minnesota, one should compare the new municipal minimum wages with the federal and state minimum wage rates, how these rates have changed and how they will change, relative to prices and other wages over time. This report presents data about these topics. Some of the data presented in the report should also be considered in the context of the pandemic and post-pandemic labor market. Worker shortages and increased job mobility following the reopening of businesses, combined with high inflation, affected wages across many sectors of Minnesota's economy. Growth in wages that occurred during the pandemic and post-pandemic years were curtailed by significant inflation growth. While inflation has recently begun to slow down, its effects on future wage trends remain to be seen.2

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Data sources and methodology

The following list summarizes the data sources for this report.

Data in Figure 1 is adjusted for inflation in the following manner. The Minnesota minimum wages for small employers (annual revenue of less than $500,000) and large employers (annual revenue of $500,000 or more) are adjusted for inflation annually using the Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures produced by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, with new rates effective Jan. 1 each year as provided by Minnesota Statutes § 177.24. The Minneapolis minimum wages for large employers (more than 100 employees) and St. Paul minimum wages for macro employers (more than 10,000 employees) are adjusted for inflation annually by local ordinance beginning Jan. 1, 2023. Both Minneapolis and St. Paul ordinances provide that the respective city minimum wages shall be adjusted by the same adjustment used by DLI for the state minimum wage. In both cities, the initial adjustment on Jan. 1, 2023, was half the adjustment calculated by DLI for the state minimum wage. The full adjustment is applied each year thereafter.

The minimum wages for Minnesota large employers, Minneapolis small employers (with 100 employees or fewer) and St. Paul small employers (between six and 100 employees) shown in Figures 3, 4, 6 and 7 are projected beyond 2023. The Minnesota large employer minimum wage is projected for 2025 to 2028, while the Minneapolis small employer minimum wage is projected for 2024 to 2028, and the St. Paul small employer minimum wage is projected for 2026 to 2028. The Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditure is used for these projections. Moreover, the minimum wages of different years are expressed in 2023 constant dollars using the CPI-U for the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, available from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The values for 2023 to 2028 are projected from earlier years. The minimum wage used for each year is the rate in effect as of Dec. 31 of that year.

The 2022 poverty thresholds in Figure 5 are adjusted to 2023 using a projection of the nationwide CPI-U. Full-time annual earnings at the 2023 Minnesota large employer minimum wage were computed by multiplying the inflation-adjusted minimum wage of $10.59 an hour by an annual hours figure of 2,080.3 Projected full-time annual earnings at the 2028 Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages were computed in the following manner. The minimum wage for 2028 was projected as $16.85 an hour using the provisions of the Minneapolis and St. Paul ordinances, along with a projection of the Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures. This minimum wage then was adjusted to 2023 dollars using a projection of the CPI-U for the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area for 2023 to 2028. This value in 2023 dollars was $15.14 an hour, which was then multiplied by 2,080 hours to derive the equivalent full-time annual earnings figure.

In Figure 6, a three-year moving average of hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing is used. Because this data is only available starting in 1970 for Minnesota, the data was projected for 1960 through 1969 using the trend in average hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing for the U.S.

In Figure 7, the percentile wages for Minnesota nonfarm wage-and-salary workers are projected for 2023 through 2028. The Minnesota large employer minimum wage is projected for 2025 to 2028, while the Minneapolis small employer minimum wage is projected for 2024 to 2028, and the St. Paul small employer minimum wage is projected for 2026 to 2028, using the methodology described earlier in this section.

In Figure 8, computations for the number and percentage of jobs at or below the minimum wage for Minneapolis, St. Paul and the balance of the state were performed by DEED according to specifications from DLI. DEED uses the Wage Detail database of the Minnesota Unemployment Insurance System for these computations. For Minneapolis and St. Paul, the estimates are broken down by small and large employers. For 2022, DEED refined its estimation approach to determine employer size based on each city’s definition of small and large employer. Rather than determining employer size based solely on the number of employees per location, DEED’s approach defines employer size at the level of the parent firm and includes a special categorization for full-service restaurants. However, DEED does not classify firms based on franchise status. Both cities treat franchises as large employers if they meet certain requirements. In addition, a small number of businesses in each city could not be classified by size. Although it is difficult to precisely capture employer size, we believe the estimates are close to the actual numbers in each size class in both cities.

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Summary

The following is a summary of the findings.

  • Effective minimum wages for Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul:  The Minnesota minimum wage – $10.59 an hour for large employers in 2023 – is adjusted annually for inflation. The minimum wages for large employers in Minneapolis and macro employers in St. Paul reached $15.00 an hour in 2022 and the minimum wage for large employers in St. Paul reached $15.00 an hour in 2023. Minimum wages for other employers of different sizes in Minneapolis and St. Paul will reach $15.00 an hour in various years from 2024 to 2027, and will be adjusted for inflation thereafter (Figure 1).

  • Full-time annual earnings at the effective minimum wages:  For workers earning the Minnesota minimum hourly wage and working 40 hours a week, annual wages in 2023 are $22,027 for workers at large employers and $17,950 for workers at small employers. As of Jan. 1, 2023, minimum-wage workers in Minneapolis earn annual full-time wages of $31,595 at large employers. Also, minimum-wage workers in St. Paul earn annual full-time wages of $31,595 at macro employers. As of July 1, 2023, minimum-wage workers in Minneapolis earn $30,160 at small employers, while St. Paul minimum-wage workers earn $31,200 at large employers and $27,040 at small employers (Figure 2).

  • Minimum wages in 2023 dollars:  Adjusting for inflation, the 2023 Minnesota large employer minimum wage of $10.59 an hour is below the average rate of the federal minimum wage for 1960 through 1981, which was $12.03 an hour. When the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages reach $15.00 an hour, they will be higher, adjusting for inflation, than the $14.03 an hour peak reached by the federal minimum wage in 1968 (Figure 3).

  • Annual earnings at the minimum wages in 2023 dollars:  At the 2023 Minnesota large employer minimum wage of $10.59 an hour, a full-time worker would earn about $22,027 annually. After transitioning to the $15.00 an hour minimum wage, full-time annual earnings at the small employer will reach $31,621 in Minneapolis in 2024 and $31,554 in St. Paul in 2026, in 2023 dollars (Figure 4).

  • The minimum wage relative to the poverty line:  At the Minnesota large employer minimum wage, full-time annual earnings are above the poverty thresholds for one-person and two-person households, and slightly below the poverty threshold for a three-person household. At the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages projected for 2028, full-time annual earnings will fall slightly below the poverty threshold for four-person households (Figure 5).

  • The minimum wage relative to hourly earnings in manufacturing:  Relative to average hourly earnings (AHE) of production workers in Minnesota manufacturing, the federal minimum wage peaked at 55% in 1968. After the transition periods in Minneapolis and St. Paul, the $15.00 minimum wages in the two cities will stand at roughly 56% and 55% of manufacturing AHE, respectively (Figure 6).

  • The minimum wage relative to hourly wages of nonfarm workers:  The 2023 Minnesota large employer minimum wage of $10.59 an hour, as adjusted for inflation in future years, is below the 10th percentile of hourly wages of nonfarm wage-and-salary workers in Minnesota. After the transition periods in Minneapolis and St. Paul, the minimum wages in those cities are expected to remain at or below the 10th percentile of overall nonfarm wages in the state. Due to the increase of minimum wages in Minneapolis and St. Paul, the 10th percentile will have an upward trajectory (Figure 7).

  • The percentage of jobs at or below the minimum wage:  In 2022, the estimated number of Minnesota jobs paying at or below the minimum wage was around 90,000, or 2.7% of salaried and hourly jobs. The percentage of jobs estimated to be at or below the minimum wage was 5.6% among small employers and 6.7% among large employers in Minneapolis, and 4.4% among small employers and 4.9% among large employers in St. Paul.

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Effective minimum wages for Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul

Figure 1 shows the minimum wage rates effective in Minnesota and in the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul for 2019 to 2028. As of Jan. 1, 2023, the Minnesota minimum wage is $10.59 an hour for large employers (see figure for employer size definitions) and $8.63 an hour for small employers. On Jan. 1, 2024, the Minnesota minimum wage will be adjusted for inflation, increasing to $10.85 an hour for large employers and $8.85 an hour for small employers.4

Under the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wage ordinances, the minimum wages in the two cities will reach $15.00 an hour under different timelines depending on employer size. The Minneapolis minimum wage for large employers was $15.19 an hour as of Jan. 1, 2023, and adjusted for inflation, will increase to $15.57 an hour Jan. 1, 2024. The Minneapolis minimum wage for small employers has a more delayed phase-in, but will reach the same rate as large employers July 1, 2024.

The St. Paul minimum wage took effect in 2020. Minimum wage for macro employers was $15.19 an hour as of Jan. 1, 2023, and adjusted for inflation, will increase to $15.57 an hour Jan. 1, 2024. Large (non-macro) employers reached the $15.00 rate July 1, 2023, and will increase to $15.57 an hour July 1, 2024. Small and micro employers will reach $15.00 an hour in 2025 and 2027, respectively. All employers will reach the same rate as macro employers (an indexed $15.00 an hour minimum) by 2028. Given the provisions of the minimum-wage ordinances in Minneapolis and St. Paul, employers of all sizes in the two cities will pay the same indexed minimum wage as of July 1, 2028.5 

Figure 1. Minimum wages effective in Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul, 2019-2028

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Full-time annual earnings at the effective minimum wages

For workers earning the Minnesota minimum hourly wage and working 40 hours a week, annual wages as of Jan. 1, 2023, are $22,027 at large employers and $17,950 at small employers. Effective Jan. 1, 2024, annual wages will be $22,568 for large employers and $18,408 for small employers (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Annual wage at effective minimum wages in Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul for 2023 [1]

As of Jan. 1, 2023, workers in Minneapolis earn annual full-time wages of $31,595 at large employers and workers in St. Paul earn annual full-time wages of $31,595 at macro employers. As of July 1, 2023, workers in Minneapolis earn $30,160 at small employers, while workers in St. Paul earn $31,200 at large employers and $27,040 at small employers.

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Minimum wages in 2023 dollars

Figure 3 shows the minimum wages for the United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul from 1960 to 2028, adjusted for inflation (in 2023 dollars). In 2023 dollars, the federal minimum wage reached a peak of $14.03 an hour in 1968.6 The current federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour (its rate since 2009) is not indexed for inflation. Therefore, in 2023 dollars, the value of the federal minimum wage is projected to decline to $6.43 an hour by 2028 in the absence of any statutory increases.

Figure 3. Minimum wage, inflation adjusted (2023 dollars), United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1960-2028 [1]

In 2023 dollars, the current large employer Minnesota minimum wage of $10.59 an hour is higher than the United States and Minnesota rates of any year from 1982 through 2014, and below the average rate of the federal minimum wage for 1960 through 1981, which was $12.03 an hour. Although the state minimum wage is currently indexed for inflation, the constant-dollar value of the state minimum wage is projected to decrease slightly through 2028. This is because the Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures, which is used under statute to index the state minimum wage, is projected to increase less rapidly than the index used in Figure 3 to express the trends in constant-dollar terms, the CPI-U.

The minimum wages shown in Figure 3 for Minneapolis and St. Paul are the small employer minimum wages. This is because, in contrast to the provision for the state minimum wage, the small employer categories for the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wage ordinances include employers with up to 100 employees. In 2023 dollars, the Minneapolis and St. Paul small employer minimum wages are projected at $15.14 an hour for 2028. These values, which are adjusted for projected inflation between 2023 and 2028, are $1.11 an hour higher than the inflation-adjusted peak value of $14.03 reached by the federal minimum wage in 1968. As noted above, after the initial transition period, employers of all sizes in the two cities will have the same minimum wage.

As with the state minimum wage, the constant-dollar values of the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages are projected to decrease slightly over time when inflation-indexing has begun (after 2024 and 2026, respectively, for the small employer minimum wages in the two cities). As with the state minimum wage, the reason for the decrease is because the Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures is projected to increase less rapidly than the CPI-U.

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Annual earnings at the minimum wage in 2023 dollars

Figure 4 shows full-time annual earnings at the minimum wages for the United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul for 1960 to 2028, adjusted for inflation (in 2023 dollars). This figure uses the same underlying data as Figure 3, but the inflation-adjusted minimum wage was translated to inflation-adjusted full-time annual earnings using an annual hours figure of 2080.

Where the federal and state minimum wages are concerned, inflation-adjusted full-time annual earnings reached a peak of $29,172 in 1968 at the federal minimum wage. At the state minimum wage (for large employers), full-time inflation-adjusted annual earnings are currently $22,027. At the small employer minimum wages in Minneapolis and St. Paul, full-time annual earnings, in 2023 dollars, are projected to reach $31,621 in Minneapolis in 2024 and $31,554 in St. Paul in 2026.7

Figure 4. Full-time annual earnings at the minimum wage, inflation-adjusted (2023 dollars), United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1960-2028

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The minimum wage relative to poverty thresholds

Figure 5 compares minimum-wage earnings to estimated poverty thresholds (projected to 2023) for households of different sizes. At the Minnesota large employer minimum wage for 2023, full-time annual earnings – $22,027 in 2023 dollars – were above the poverty thresholds for one-person and two-person households, and slightly below the poverty threshold for a three-person household. At the 2028 minimum wage for Minneapolis and St. Paul, full-time annual earnings are projected to be slightly under the poverty threshold for four-person households when adjusted to 2023 dollars.8

Figure 5. Full-time annual earnings at the minimum wage, Minnesota for 2023 and Minneapolis/St. Paul projected for 2028 in 2023 dollars, compared with poverty threshold for 2023

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The minimum wage relative to hourly earnings in manufacturing

 It is also relevant to gauge the rate of the minimum wage relative to other wages. Figure 6 expresses the minimum wages of the United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul as percentages of AHE of production workers in Minnesota manufacturing for 1960 to 2028.9

Figure 6. Minimum wages of United States, Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul as percentages of average hourly earnings of production workers in Minnesota manufacturing, 1960-2028

As a percentage of manufacturing AHE, the federal minimum wage reached a peak of roughly 55% in 1968. The Minnesota minimum wage for large employers has been less than that level for its entire history. At its current rate, the Minnesota minimum wage of $10.59 an hour is about 39% of manufacturing AHE, which is projected to be around $26.87 in 2023.

As for the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages for small employers, the initial rates ($10.25 in Minneapolis for 2018 and $10 in St. Paul for 2020) were less than 50% of manufacturing AHE. However, by the time the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimums reach $15.00, they will be about 56% and 55% of manufacturing AHE, respectively. Both will be at or above the 55% level reached by the federal minimum wage in 1968.

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The minimum wage relative to hourly wages of nonfarm workers

Figure 7 gives another perspective on minimum wages relative to other wages in Minnesota. It shows the minimum wages for Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul against different percentile hourly wages for Minnesota nonfarm wage-and-salary workers for 2023 to 2028.

For the entire period shown, the Minnesota large employer minimum wage is less than the 10th-percentile wage of Minnesota nonfarm wage-and-salary workers. The Minneapolis and St. Paul small employer minimum wages begin at rates below the 10th percentile and then rise, but remain at or below the 10th percentile of overall nonfarm wages in the state.10 For instance, by 2026, the Minneapolis and St. Paul small employer wages are projected to reach $16.30 an hour, which will be slightly below the 10th percentile wage of $16.77 for Minnesota nonfarm wage-and-salary workers.

Figure 7. Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages and selected Minnesota percentile wages, projected, 2023-2028

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The percentage of jobs at or below the minimum wage

Another approach for analyzing minimum wage is considering the percentage of jobs that pay the minimum wage or less. Figure 8 shows the number and percentage of jobs at or below the minimum wage for Minneapolis, St. Paul and the balance of the state for 2022.

The estimates for Minneapolis and St. Paul are disaggregated by employer size and shown separately for small and large employers.11 In 2022, the percentage of jobs estimated to be at or below the minimum wage was 5.6% for small employers and 6.7% for large employers in Minneapolis, and 4.4% for small employers and 4.9% for large employers in St. Paul. For the balance of state, the percentage of jobs at or below the state minimum wage was approximately 2.2%. Combining the estimates for all three areas shows an estimated 90,000 out of 3,315,000, or 2.7%, of salaried and hourly jobs were at or below a given minimum wage in the state of Minnesota in 2022.12

In minimum wage reports published prior to the pandemic, the numbers of jobs at or below the minimum wage were projected for future years. However, because of the effects of the pandemic on the economy in 2020 and 2021 and the recent effect of inflation on wages, it was not possible to reliably project these numbers for future years. The statistics provided above should be interpreted in the context of the post-COVID-19 labor market. Worker shortages and increased job mobility following the reopening of businesses led to the general rise of wages across many sectors of Minnesota's economy. The growth in wages that occurred during the pandemic and post-pandemic years were dampened by high inflation levels. While inflation has recently started showing signs of slowing down, its effects on future wage trends remain to be seen.

Data limitations regarding Figure 8

One issue with the Wage Detail data, from which these estimates are derived, concerns the computation of hourly wages for individual jobs. The hourly wage is computed by calendar quarter as earnings for the quarter divided by hours worked for the quarter, both reported by the employer. An examination of the data reveals that hours worked are often underreported – in many cases apparently, because the employer mistakenly reports weekly hours rather than quarterly hours. To the degree this occurs, hourly wages are overstated and, so, the number and percentage of workers at or below the minimum wage (or any wage threshold) are understated. The degree of understatement is unknown.

Moreover, precise calculation of employer size is not possible because DEED does not classify firms based on franchise status. This is important because both Minneapolis and St. Paul classify franchise businesses as large employers under certain conditions. Although DEED's estimation does partially account for franchise businesses, not being able to identify them directly might overestimate the number of small employers in both cities. Nevertheless, estimates of jobs at or below minimum wage are provided in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Estimated percentage of jobs at or below minimum wage, Minneapolis, St. Paul and balance of state [1]

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Endnotes

1For a discussion about the impact of the minimum wage increases in the Twin Cities, see:  The dynamic age of the minimum wage and Minimum wage, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (minneapolisfed.org).

2For a discussion about how wages were affected by changes in the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 labor market, see:  Minnesota Wage Distribution Analysis:  Article Two, Unveiling the Complexities of Minnesota's Wage Growth and Post-Pandemic Recession Wage and Inflation Growth: Comparisons across Industries and States from the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (mn.gov/deed).

3The figure 2,080 hours is computed by multiplying40 hours by 52 weeks.

4Note that the definition of "small employer" is different for Minnesota than for either Minneapolis or St. Paul. For Minnesota, small employers are those with less than $500,000 in annual revenue. For Minneapolis and St. Paul, small employers are those with 100 or fewer employees (and more than five employees for St. Paul). According to data from the U.S. Small Business Administration, businesses in 2012 with one to four employees had an average of $406,000 in annual revenues (advocacy.sba.gov/small-business-data-resources). Extrapolating from this, a business with five employees would have an average of more than $406,000 in annual revenues. Thus, the $500,000 dividing line between "small" and "large" for Minnesota is at the lower end of "small" for Minneapolis or St. Paul (and near the line between "small" and "micro" for St. Paul). In other words, many employers that would be "large" for Minnesota would be "small" for Minneapolis or St. Paul.

5The provisions at issue are:  (1) the large-employer minimum wage in Minneapolis and the macro-employer minimum wage in St. Paul both reach $15.00 an hour July 1, 2022; (2) the provisions for inflation-indexing are the same in the two cities; and (3) the minimum wages for all employers in the two cities will eventually reach the large-employer rate in Minneapolis and the macro-employer rate in St. Paul.

6This report uses the expression "adjusted for inflation" to refer to the statistical adjustment of the minimum-wage amounts for different years to express them in constant 2023 dollars to analyze how they have changed, and will change, over time in purchasing-power terms. This adjustment uses the Consumer Price Index for the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area. This is different from the indexing of the Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages under statute and ordinance, which generally increases wages each year (or will increase them each year when these provisions become effective for Minneapolis and St. Paul). This indexing uses the nationwide Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures.

7As in Figure 3, there is a slight downward drift in the constant-dollar values of the Minnesota minimum wage after 2020 and of the Minneapolis and St. Paul minimum wages when inflation-indexing has begun for them. As in Figure 3, the reason is the index used to increase the state and city minimums is projected to increase less rapidly than the index used to express the trends in constant-dollar terms.

8The comparison would be the same if the poverty thresholds and earnings amounts were expressed in 2028 dollars.

9Manufacturing is used because it is the only industry for which historical data for this time period is available. It would be preferable to use a broader wage measure, ideally the average or median wage of the overall state economy, as the basis for comparison, but such a measure is not available for the period concerned.

10The minimum wage increases in Minneapolis and St. Paul will raise the lower portion of the wage distribution and the Minnesota 10th percentile wage.

11Computations were performed by DEED according to specifications from DLI, using Wage Detail data from the Minnesota Unemployment Insurance system. The approach used by DEED to estimate employer size for 2022 is based on the method used by Minneapolis and St. Paul as defined by their city minimum-wage ordinances. DEED's approach defines employer size at the level of the parent firm and includes a special categorization for full-service restaurants. However, it does not capture businesses that operate as franchises.

12The total number of jobs for Minnesota in 2022 was reported as around 2,855,000 in the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which is lower than the 3,315,000 jobs reported in the Wage Detail data from the Unemployment Insurance system. This difference stems from the way jobs are measured in the two systems:  QCEW measures jobs at a point in time (the week of the 12th of each of the three months in the quarter), whereas the Unemployment Insurance Wage Detail data measures all jobs that were held throughout the quarter. For example, a job held by two different individuals at two different months in the quarter would be counted twice in Wage Detail data but only once in QCEW.